Part of the Irish Archives
Athbheochan na Gaeilge
Mar chuid d’athbheonachas cultúrtha na hÉireann ag casadh an fhichiú chéid, tháinig fás as cuimse sa spéis a léiríodh i ngnéithe éagsúla de chultúr na nGael – spórt, litríocht, béaloideas, ceol, ealaín agus an Ghaeilge ina measc. Thóg an díogras a bhí ann d’fhoghlaim na Gaeilge ach go háirithe móiminteam le bunú Conradh na Gaeilge in 1893. Ba Dhubhghlas de hÍde céad uachtarán na heagraíochta seo agus an phríomhaidhm a bhí acu ná chun úsáid na teanga ar bhonn laethúil a spreagadh trí thionóil sheachtainiúla agus cruinnithe comhráite a eagrú. Buíochas le feachtais rathúla thar na blianta, tugadh an Ghaeilge isteach i gcuraclam scoile na tíre agus d’fhoilsíodh litríocht nua-aimseartha trí mheán na Gaeilge chomh maith. Dá thoradh seo, d’éirigh le Conradh na Gaeilge láithreacht na teanga a chur chun cinn fud fad na tíre.
Duine de na scríbhneoirí ba thabhachtaí le linn na hathbheochana Gaelaí ná Pádraig Mac Piarais, fear a stiúrfadh Éirí Amach na Cásca 1916 i ndeireadh báire, agus a d’fhoilsigh roinnt leabhair de ghearrscéalta Gaeilgí. An ceann is mó clú ná Íosagán agus Scéalta Eile, ar mhaisigh Beatrice Elvery, ealaíontóir mór le rá ag an am.
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Imleabhair 1-3 de shraith leabhair Norma Borthwick dar teideal 'Ceachta Beaga Gaedhilge/Irish Reading Lessons'
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'Ceachta Beaga Gaedhilge/Irish Reading Lessons', curtha le chéile ag Norma Borthwick agus maisithe ag Jack B. Yeats
Ceachta Beaga Gaedhilge
Cosúil le go leor athbheochanóirí cultúrtha eile, chuaigh Jack B. Yeats sa Chonradh agus rinne sé iarracht mhór an Ghaeilge a fhoghlaim. Go deimhin, is fianaise iad a leabhair sceitseála den suim a bhí aige sa teanga. Tugann sceitse amháin ó 1905, mar shampla, cuntas ar an bpolaiteoir náisiúnaíoch John Dillon ag cruinniú Conartha taobh amuigh den Chruinnteach i mBaile Átha Cliath, agus in sceitse eile ó 1913 a léiríonn baile Chill Orglan i gContae Chiarraí, tá stiallbhratacha le feiceáil sa chúlra a bhfuil an sluaghán ‘Tír gan teanga, tír gan anam’ scríofa orthu.
In 1902, mhaisigh Yeats leabhair Ceachta Beaga Gaedhilge de chuid Norma Borthwick le 39 pictiúir dubh is bán. Ba shraith de cheachtanna léitheoireachta clóite sa chló Gaelach traidisiúnta a bhí sna trí imleabhair seo. Bhí na ceachtanna dírithe i dtreo trí leibhéil éagsúla d’fhoglaimeoirí – páistí, Béarlóirí a raibh fonn orthu an teanga a fhoghlaim, agus cainteoirí a raibh fonn orthu a bheith in ann í a léamh.
Sonraítear oilteacht an ealaíontóra mar scéalaí sna pictiúir a tharraingíonn sé ó thús deireadh na n-imleabhar seo. Is téama lárnach é Iarthar na hÉireann sna pictiúir chomh maith, gné a neartaíonn an coincheap gur thaisclann theanga agus bhéaloidis í an chósta thiar, agus gurbh’ ábhar mór suime d’ealaíontóirí í. Tá seans an-mhaith ann go raibh tionchar mór ag an gcuairt a thug Yeats ar na hOiléain Árainn in 1899 ar na pictiúir a dhear sé don tsraith seo. Rinne sé iniúchadh ní ba dhoimhne ar an ábhar seo, áfach, nuair a mhaisigh sé an leabhar The Aran Islands de chuid John Millington Synge, a foilsíodh in 1907.
‘The true painter must be part of the land and of the life he paints.’
~ Jack B. Yeats ag labhairt ag Comhdháil Chine na hÉireann (Irish Race Congress) i bPáras, 1922
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'Ceachta Beaga Gaedhilge/Irish Reading Lessons', curtha le chéile ag Norma Borthwick agus maisithe ag Jack B. Yeats
The true painter must be part of the land and of the life he paints.
Jack B. Yeats’s speech at the Irish Race Congress in Paris, 1922
An focal labhartha
Nochtann cóipleabhair de chuid Yeats atá i gcartlanna an Ghailearaí agus a bhfuil nótaí staidéir iontu an fonn a bhí air an Ghaeilge a fhoghlaim agus é sna daichidí. Tá na cóipleabhair seo lán le frásaí foghraíochta chomh maith le haistriúcháin trí mheán an Bhéarla, iad go léir lámhscríofa ag an ealaíontóir. Ar an mórchuid, is frásaí coitianta ar nós ‘Breithlá Sona’ iad, nó tagairtí don aimsir, ag léiriú gurbh’ í an phríomhaidhm a bhí ag Yeats ná chun a bheith ábalta comhrá a dhéanamh, agus an teanga a úsáid go laethúil. É sin ráite, tarraingítear aird ar chlaonta náisiúnaíoch rómánsúil an ealaíontóra le linn Chogaidh na Saoirse, mar shampla, le líne thírghrách atá scríofa aige i gcóipleabhar amháin:
‘And with God’s help there will be an end to this war before long…and we will have peace and freedom…May God free Ireland’
‘Agus le cúnamh Dé, beidh deireadh leis an gcogadh seo sar’ i bhfad…agus beidh síocháin agus saoirse againn…go saora Dia Éire’ (‘Oggus ley koon uv Day beg derra lesh un cugga shu sora vod…oggus beg shekhoin oggus seersha ogin…Guh Suera Dea Earree’)
Cé gur chosúil nár éirigh le Yeats líofacht sa Ghaeilge a bhaint amach, tugann a chuid cartlanna le fios gur chreid sé go dtabharfadh beagán eolais ar an teanga tuiscint níos fearr dó ar an tír seo, agus ar na daoine a raibh cónaí inti.
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'A Happy Christmas to you - Nollaig Hunna Ghuit', cóipleabhair Ghaeilge de chuid Jack B. Yeats
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'May God free Ireland - Guh Suera Dea Earree', cóipleabhair Ghaeilge de chuid Jack B. Yeats
Aistrithe ag Ruairí Sheanon, H.W. Wilson Foundation Fellow
Márta 2026
(For an English translation of this story, please click here)